Online Music Library Mangement System Project Proposal Essay Example

Online Music Library Mangement System Project Proposal Essay Nowadays, online application has become powerful tool for providing the most outstanding features of handling latest versions and new technology. This feature enables users to keep up with latest technology at low cost in relation to other desktop applications that becomes outdated quicker as time passes.As a result, online applications save money for not only maintenance costs, but also saving on the need to purchase new software once it’s no longer contending with the technologies that competitors are using. With the development of technology, the way we live our lives have definitely foster and been easier. Similarly, the traditional way of listening to music has been replaced by new technology within few recent years. Music is the science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity. Merriam-Webster, 2013) In the earlier days, music was stored in the cassette and slowly onto CD, DVD, portable devices and now through internet. The development of an online management system for a music store primarily focuses on dealing with the transaction of songs through internet securely. Moreover, it allows registered members listen to the song online. Other features like band’s biography, their events and official merchandise of bands. With the development of a user-friendly interface environment, the music lovers can listen to their favourite artist on the go and even purchase tracks online through secured connection.Moreover, the user can read biography, discography, follow each and every events and purchase official merchandise of artists. Chapter 2 Aims and Objectives 2. 1 Aims The main aim of this project is develop an online system to buy songs online securely and listen to any song of our like on the go whenever, wherever provided that there is internet connectivity. Moreover, following favourite band’s events, discography, photos and buy their official merchandise. In the context of Nepal, this kind of concept is rarely practiced. A true fan can never miss any event of their favourite band. 2. 2 ObjectivesThe objectives of this project are listed below: * Requirement Analysis * Background Review by May 22 * SRS Document by July 29 * Designing * Wireframe Design by August 20 * Database Design by August 30 * User Interface Design by November 13 * Development * Database Development by November 25 * System Development by March 10 * Testing * Unit Testing by April 7 * Black Box Testing by April 10 * Non-functional Testing by April 11 Chapter 3 Background and Literature Review 3. 1 Background Music is the universal language. Every race and culture in human history has experienced music in one form or another.From the simple clapping of hands and the singing of a melody to the act of playing instruments, music is linked to our history our present and our future. Depending on how one defines music, you could say that every thing in the universe has music within it. Music can be defined as the organization of vibrations in time. So it is no longer just the obvious birds and whales and other animals that can make music, but also down to the microscopic scale, the vibrations of a cell or an atom can be considered music of a sort. Some even believe that the universe itself is simply one huge symphony, sending vibrations across time and space.Development of an online management system for a music store requires Java as programming language and MYSQL as data stores in order up to build up an absolute working system. Technology determines music. Despite the variety of sounds that could be called music and despite the many different animals, cultures, and time periods music has existed in, for virtually all of musical history there has been a common link. Music was always an active and present experience. If you wanted to hear music you had to either play it yourself or go listen to someone else perform.Five major music inventions in the last 100 years the phonograph, radio, home recording, the walkman, and digital music have in turn affected the musicians, the society, and the personal experience of how one listens to music. The digital age If any one event changed the way we listen to music it is the digital age. Digital music allowed people to send copies of songs across the world with a click of a button. You no longer had to know the person who was sharing their music with you, nor did it take any physical act besides clicking buttons. The music listening experience had changed once again.Now music was as most kids said it should be, mobile, unlimited, and most important, free. Napstar. Napstar, the most famous music swapping venue, was a revolution in music. Spencer E. Ante wrote about Napstar in a Business Week article before the company was forced to shut down. The companys bold new way of distributing music by enabling individuals to share each others personal music collections pioneered the creation of a much bigger idea: So-called peer-to-peer computing, a way of sharing information by hooking up the contents of an individuals computer into a global information index that others can use, Ante said (3).The way we listen to music has surly changed in the last one hundred years as we have seen. However, maybe we are not as isolated as it may appear on first blush. Yes, we can isolate ourselves with our i-pods as we walk down the street, but at the same time, we are connected to the whole world with our computers. The important thing to always remember is that music is and should always be a shared experience for people, a connection, and a real, tangible thing. Let us hope that the future does not take that from the world. (Ryals) 3. 2 Literature Review 3. 2. 1 Problem DomainDeveloping an online management system for a Music store primarily helps the musician, event organizers, and fans as a whole since their every demand can be fulfilled by a single syste m. For instance, uploading every detail about a Band can help to promote them while this system turns out to be the perfect spot for them as every fine details of the Band is uploaded. Moreover, fans are directly benefited by this system as well. They can explore new bands, read about them, follow their concerts, listen to the song, or even purchase album online or purchase their favourite artist’s merchandise.So, in order to meet all those requirements, a new system can be developed. 3. 2. 2 Similar System 3. 2. 2. 1 Metal-archives Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives is a website which lists bands from various forms of heavy metal music. It was described as the Internets central database for all that is true in the metal world by Matt Sullivan of Nashville Scene. Terrorizer described the site as a fully-exhaustive list of pretty much every metal band ever, with full discographies, an active forum and an interlinking members list that shows the ever-incestuous beauty o f the metal scene†.Nevertheless, there are exceptions for bands which fall under disputed genres not accepted by the website. Encyclopaedia Metallum attempts to provide comprehensive information on each band, such as a discography, logos, pictures, lyrics, line-ups, biography, trivia and user-submitted reviews. The site also provides a system for submitting bands to the archives. The website is free of advertisements and is run completely independently. The Encyclopaedia Metallum was founded in July 2002 by two Canadians from Montreal using the pseudonyms HellBlazer and Morrigan. Metallum, 2013) Figure [ 1 ]: Homepage of www. metal-archives. com Figure [ 2 ]: Display of information of a Band (Discography) Figure [ 3 ]: Display of information of a band (Members) Figure [ 4 ]: Display of information of a band (Album reviews) Figure [ 5 ]: Display of information of a band (Related Links like Facebook, Myspace, Youtube etc. ) 3. 2. 2. 2 Metalstorm. ee Metal Storm (also known as Me talStorm. net, MetalStorm. ee, MetalStorm. eu or just MS) is a webzine specializing in various forms of heavy metal music.It is based in Tallinn, Estonia but caters to an international audience, symbolically recognized by the acquisition of an EU domain in 2008. As of September 2011, the website hosts 6334 band profiles, 6631 reviews, 493 interviews and 12021 news items. (Storm, 2013) Figure [ 6 ]: Homepage of www. metalstorm. ee Figure [ 7 ]: Display of information of Band Figure [ 8 ]: Display of information of a band 3. 2. 2. 3 Comparison between different systems | Metal-archives| Metalstorm. ee| New System| Login for members| Yes| Yes| Yes| Online buying of albums| No| No| Yes|Online Streaming of songs| No| No| Yes| Event notification| No| Yes| Yes| Upcoming Releases | Yes | Yes | Yes| RIP Notifications| Yes| No| Yes| Born Today| No| Yes| Yes| Submitting band details| Yes| Yes| Yes| 3. 2. 2. 4 Analysis and Conclusion The above comparison table shows different features of two on line management systems. Both Metal-Archives and Metalstorm. ee don’t include all the features. Both of the system does not allow online buying of albums and online streaming of songs whereas the proposed new system supports all these features and is advanced of all.Metal-archives and Metalstorm. ee both were developed for commercial purpose with the team of expertise developers but on the other hand I am undertaking this project as an individual which obviously needs huge effort. Chapter 4 Proposed method, tools and techniques 4. 1 Proposed Method For the development of this project evolutionary prototype is chosen. In this method a prototype of working system is developed to find out the additional and missing requirement. And those additional requirements can be added to make a final system. * Requirement analysis Background Review * Background study of the similar system will be carried out to compare the features to list out what additional feature can be added to make the proposed project a better one. * SRS Document * Documentation of the system will be done, including algorithm, pseudo code, flowchart, and decision table. * Designing * Wireframe design * In this phase a simple design will be done to know the overall skeletal working mechanism of the system. * Database Design * Database design includes ER diagram that shows the relation between objects. * Designing UI User interface will be designed for the beginning phase of the development and to know the flow of the program. * Development * Database Development * In this stage, database is deployed by connecting the entities to the program architecture. * System Development * In this stage, the core programming of system will be carried out. * Testing * Unit and Module Testing * In this testing phase each and every module and functions of the system will be tested from the ground level * Black Box Testing * In this phase, the program is thoroughly tested for functionality of the system from t he user’s perspective. Non-Functional Testing * In this phase, the non functions aspect of the system is tested. For eg. Changing the overall template of the system, getting notification by installing notification plug-in etc The Water fall model will not be chosen, as in this methodology is completely unrealistic since going back to previous phase in not possible. Similarly, prototype model will also not be chosen for this project because it will consume extra time during the development phase of the prototype and the prototype is useless afterwards. Spiral model needs large team so this model will not be chosen.However, enhanced waterfall model will be used as contingency plan as in this method we can go to previous phase and in every phase solid outcome is achieved. 4. 2 Tools I will use the following programming tools for the development of this system. * HTML HTML will be used to create outlines of required web-pages for the system interface. * CSS CSS will be used to de fine how HTML pages are displayed. It is much easier to maintain the appearance of a web page by using CSS. * PHP PHP will be used to code the core part of the system. * MYSQL In order to manage database, MYSQL will be used. * JavascriptJavaScript will be used in order to create highly responsive interfaces that improve the user experience and provide dynamic functionality, without having to wait for the server to react and show another page * Wamp Server Wamp Server will be used to test the webpages by creating a local host in the computer and manage database. 4. 3 Techniques The techniques I will be following are through: * Research * Consulting pre-existing similar projects 4. 4 Project Management Tools Since I am familiar with ZOHO project management system in my earlier semester, I will be using the same management tool for my easiness. . It is one of the effective and popular online project management tool 2. Interfaces are user-friendly and easy to use. 3. Creating Gantt-Char t is very easy. Chapter 5 Project boundaries, resources, constraints, risks, contingency plans 5. 1 Boundaries 1. Internet connectivity is mandatory in order to use the system 2. The use of this system is limited within the use of computers since it is not a mobile app 5. 2 Resources * Hardware Resources * Computer 5. 3 Constraints Well about the project constraint there might me some difficulties and delay in my project completion.Because, to develop this project one must need to learn about the development of an online management system and should develop the system at the same time. As novice developer, need to learn all of those skills and knowledge from basic. The quality of project solely depends upon the time and cost allocated for the project. Within the limited time boundary, resources, necessary technical skills, the expected quality of system may not be achieved. 5. 4 Risks 1. PHP might not appropriate working platform for the system 2. User might be confused using the s ystem due to its complexity 3.Browser may crash due to its high memory coverage 4. The project might not get as height as expected that may cause due to lack of proper knowledge and expertise on the system design 5. 5 Contingency Plans 1. Make backup of the overall progress of the project 2. ASP. NET can be used if the problem arises while developing the system by using PHP 3. As user might get confused using the system, at the first place of the system will show the step-by-step guidelines to the get familiar with the interface of the system. 4. If the system identifies memory deficiency and crashes, it sends report to its server for troubleshooting the problem.Chapter 6 Project Plan Milestones and Deliverables S. N| Milestones| Delivery | Completion Date| 1. | Requirement Analysis| Background ReviewSRS document| May 22July 29| 2. | Designing | WireframeDatabaseUser Interface| August 20August 30November 13| 3| Development | Database DevelopmentSystem Development| November 25March 10| 4| Testing | Delivery of system manual| April 10| 6. 1 Work Breakdown Structure Figure [ 9 ]: Work Break Down Structure 6. 2 Gantt Chart Figure [ 10 ]: Gantt Chart Reference Merriam-Webster, I. (2013). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 04 13, 2013, from http://www. erriam-webster. com/: http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/music Metallum, E. (2013). Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal-Archives. Retrieved 03 20, 2013, from www. metal-archives. com: www. metal-archives. com Ryals, R. A. (n. d. ). The Evolution Of Listening Music. Retrieved 04 13, 2013, from http://iml. jou. ufl. edu/ Storm, M. (2013). Metal Storm. Retrieved 03 20, 2013, from www. metalstorm. ee: www. metalstorm. ee Kwok, S. H. , 2002. Digital Rights Management for the Online Music. ACM SIGecom Exchanges. AIM Corporation, n. d. Integrated CD Library Management Systemfor Broadcasting Companies.Kawasaki City, Kanagawa JAPAN: Mizonokuchi, Takatsu-ku. Hilton, J. L. , 2003. Digital Asset Management System. Educause. VRIES , A. P. D. , n. d. CONTENT AND MULTIMEDIADATABASE. The Netherlands: University of Twente. Appendix Supervisor Approval Form Student id number: 11069732| Name of student: Anis Dangol| Degree title: B. Sc (Hons. ) in Computing| Proposed title of project: Development of an online management system for a music store| Short description of project: With the development of technology, the way we live our lives have definitely foster and been easier.Similarly, the traditional way of listening to music has been replaced by new technology within few recent years. Music is the science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity. (Merriam-Webster, 2013)In the earlier days, music was stored in the cassette and slowly onto CD, DVD, portable devices and now through internet.The development of an online management system for a music store primarily focuses on dealing with the transaction of song s through internet securely. Moreover, it allows registered members listen to the song online. Other features like band’s biography, their events and official merchandise of bands. | I confirm that I have discussed the ideas for my final year project with a lecturer who would supervise my project. | Signature of student:Date: May 3, 2013| Name of project supervisor:Mr. Prakash Shrestha| Signature of project supervisor:Date: May 3, 2013|

Anglo-Saxon Characteristics in society today essays

Anglo-Saxon Characteristics in society today essays What characteristics are necessary in our society today? Does society think that valor, selflessness, or loyalty is important? In Anglo-Saxon times those characteristics were what held their people together and without them their society would perish. Some people over look the benefits of having those characteristics and they are not always important to everyone, but for the most part, they are very necessary in our society. Selflessness means that instead of worrying or caring about oneself all the time a person does things for others. If a person is selfless they are willing to put their own needs aside and even may jeopardize their own safety for another. There are too many people in this world thinking about only their own well being. It is necessary to have people who devote their lives to helping others; otherwise we as a society would never survive. There is always a need for nurses, health care professionals and specialized doctors who like to help others in need. The next characteristic necessary to society is Loyalty. Loyalty is when a person is totally devoted to a place, person, thing, or religion and even when everything is against him for being devoted that person does not stray. There are some exceptions but for the most part many people in society today would not be willing to give up there life for our country. Back in the Anglo-Saxon days loyalty is what held a clan together. All the people would fight and defend until the death. Like the Anglo-Saxons many individuals in the Army, Navy, and Air Force are fighting for the United States every day. They are willing to give up everything they have to keep this country safe. That is being loyal. Its necessary for our society today to have the military and other people devoted to the United States because otherwise our country would fall apart. Lastly, valor means being brave and having courage. If our society didnt have valor we would...

Citizenship in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Theories of Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Policy Process - Essay Example The theory implies some policies can only change if certain restrains like stickiness and stakes of an institution are available. Policies are categorized into long-term policies and short-term policies. An example is if the country’s constitution states that a president should rule for two terms it is very difficult to implement a new policy, which suggests that the president must rule for one term, or three terms. Punctuated equilibrium theory seeks to explain simple observations like political processes. Political processes are continually associated with incrementalism and stability; they rarely produce large-scale departures from the past. Most policy areas experience stasis even though a crisis can occur. America is experiencing large-scale changes in policymaking and politics. Some Government programs can be altered in order to accommodate change. Strengths The theory includes periods of stasis or near equilibrium. In the event that an issue is seized by a subsystem and periods of disequilibrium, then a macro political agenda occurs. A macro political agenda can advance to the extent of causing changes in the policy process. Therefore, according to this theory small changes result in large changes. Weakness The theory is only applicable to situations facing stasis or equilibrium. In the event that there is no equilibrium variables and need for change, then the policy fails to exist. The Stage Heuristic Theory The theory states that the best way to study policymaking is to break it down to stages.

Porters Five Forces to Analyze the Competitive Environment in which Essay

Porters Five Forces to Analyze the Competitive Environment in which Ryanair operates Bargaining Power of Suppliers - Essay Example The customers of Ryanair are putting on them a lot of collective pressure so that they can lower the travel expenses and improve the quality of their airline services. The customers associated with Ryanair are enjoying a higher bargaining power since switching to other airlines with better services is very easy with little or no costs. In the case of Ryanair, the substitutes for their transport systems include railways, sea transport, and road transport and any strategy by them poses a threat to Ryanair profitability. However, Ryanair is still able to operate at a lower cost, leading to lower cost of services that attract more customers. The threat of new entrants in this industry is relatively low due to high costs involved in the initial stages of the business set up that many cannot afford. Economics of scale can only be enjoyed by big players like Ryanair and this makes other possible investors be scared away (O’Cuilleannain, Falle, Sobokta, Kleinert, Chassart, Farrell, 2004). There is also difficulty in gaining access to distribution channels that poses a barrier to new entrants. Since the airline industry is highly fragmented, competition is very high leading to low returns. In order to survive, Ryanair is constantly coming up with unique business models in order to outweigh their competitors and make reasonable profits. Ryanair is luck since it is based in Europe whereby European Union is a complete stable political region that provides a good environment for business to thrive. The integration of the European Union has provided an opportunity for this airline industry to expand its operations very swiftly without hurdles (Muller, 2011). The operations of Ryanair are also affected by the OPEC since its an organization that determines the fuel prices that Ryanair operates on.

Environmental Degradation In Rural Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Degradation In Rural Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction Today, as people in developed countries generally enjoy a high standard of living, at the other end of the spectrum, the poor in developing countries are struggling to make ends meet. 22% of the population in developing countries live on less than $1.25 daily and 75% of these people live in rural areas (The World Bank, 2012). This group of rural poor are the greatest victims of environment degradation. In this essay, by looking at the case study of Bangladesh, we will get a deeper insight into why the poor puts great pressure on the environment. In turn, we will uncover why environmental degradation affects the poor most severely resulting in the reinforcement of environmental degradation. Thereafter, we will explore some possible measures to help developing counties like Bangladesh to break out from the vicious cycle of poverty and environmental degradation. Environmental consequences of poverty Although majority of researchers have attributed poverty as a key factor for causing environmental degradation, we have to note that other factors such as profit motives, and institutional failures are also responsible for environmental degradation. Nevertheless unlike other factors, poverty and environmental degradation shares a unique relationship that causes them to reinforce each other in a vicious cycle. We would first look at how poverty causes environmental degradation. In Bangladesh more than 40% of the population lives below the international poverty line and are vulnerable to food insecurity and natural disaster (Aid Effectiveness, 2009). 85% belong to the rural poor (Drakenberg, 2006). Bangladesh faces a series of environmental problems including deforestation, land degradation, air pollution, water shortage and contamination, as well as loss of biodiversity. The poor play a vital role in influencing these aspects of environmental degradation. Firstly, poverty leads to deforestation. The existing natural forests in Bangladesh are decreasing at a rate varying from 2.1% /year to 3.3% /year (Rahman, 2012). This is due to exploitation of forest resources for commercial logging, fuel wood collection as well as agricultural land expansion. Commercial logging provides a viable income for the poor as the timber logs could be sold for cash. This monetary benefit could encourage more trees to be felled resulting in unsustainable deforestation. Bangladesh has a high fertility rate, due to desire for more children to help in the fields and for social support in old age. The growing population requires more trees would have to be felled to provide fuel for their cooking needs. There will also be a need to increase food production for the larger population causing large tracts of forest to be cleared and converted into agricultural land for growing of crops. Deforestation, with loss of forest cover is responsible for soil erosion and lo ss of fertile top soil decreases agricultural productivity. Secondly, poverty contributes to land degradation. Land degradation arises due to soil exhaustion, salinization and desertification. Similarly, due to population growth with poverty, multiple cropping with a shorter fallow period was done to increase food supply. To increase land productivity, farmers use fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides heavily. These methods of intensive land use may be effective in increasing agricultural output in the short term. However in the long run the soil would gradually lose its nutrients, land is degraded and desertification creeps in. Though irrigation is helpful in ensuring stable water supply for crops all year round, mismanaged irrigation due to lack of knowledge of rural farmers could result in reverse osmosis and accumulation of salt (Duraiappah, 1996). This causes a backlash and soil productivity drops. Thirdly, poverty affects water resource. Irrigation reduces ground water which may result in a water shortage if there is insufficient water for the large rural population. In the north-western part of Bangladesh, aquifer level of ground water was lowered when extraction of ground water for irrigation is not adequately recharged and coupled with high rate of evaporation (Mahbuba Nasreen, 2006). Furthermore, Bangladesh faces problem of water contamination due to fertilizers and pesticide run-off from the farmlands. In 2002, more than the 65% of the countrys population were at risk of arsenic poisoning. 61 of the 64 districts had arsenic levels which were found to be above the national accepted standard of 0.05 mg/litre (Mahbuba Nasreen, 2006). Lastly, poverty contributes to air pollution. The poor depend on biomass and firewood for fuel. The burning of these fuels degrades the air quality and can cause respiratory problems. Although there are substitute fuels which are less harmful to the environment, the poor have yet to gain access to them and may not be able to afford. Moreover, due to a lack of education, the rural poor may not have the knowledge on how to protect their living environment. They extract more resources from the forest to meet the needs of the growing population, not taking into consideration the externality cost of resource loss since access to the forest is free and unrestricted. To them, the immediate needs are of priority and they dont tend to plan far for the future due to the uncertainties of life. As a result, the poor have no qualms about the unsustainable land use practices and lack vision for long-term optimal resource management. This mindset is detrimental to the long term sustainability of environmental resources and unplanned use of resources is likely to result in environment degradation. The mindset of the poor has led to loss of biodiversity where flora and fauna as well as wetlands are overexploitation. In Bangladesh, inland and coastal capture fisheries have declined and about 30% of inland fish species have become endangered (Drakenberg, 2006). Environmental degradation reinforce poverty Firstly, the rural poor are most vulnerable to environmental degradation because they rely heavily on the fragile natural resources for their daily living. 55% of rural women work as farmers in the field, and they rely on the environment for fuel wood, food and water. Desertification is detrimental to the poor as it affects their supply of basic needs from forest resources. Over extraction of water for irrigation leads to lowering of ground water level and water becomes salinized, causing a severe shortage of drinking water.In Bangladesh, rural women are responsible for collecting fuel wood, water and food for family consumption from forest. Deforestation and water shortage causes shrink in food and water availability and women have to work harder and travel further to search for resources. This enduring task is demanding on their health and scarcity of food could lead to malnutrition (Jahan, 2008). The poor being reliant on natural resources for basic needs and agricultural land for food, is offered hardly any food security due to the fragile nature of the natural environment. When their agricultural land becomes less fertile due unattainable land use practices, the familys income is drastically reduced; the poor remain in their vicious cycle of poverty and their basic needs and nutrition could be compromised. Likewise near the coastal areas, the poor rely on wetlands for capture fishery as their main source of food and income. With the destruction of wetlands for conversion to shrimp cultivation area, it drastically reduces the vulnerable food supply of the poor and increased salinity over coastal land endangers their health. Secondly, environmental degradation affects the poor most severely as they are the group that continues to live in places facing land degradation as these polluted areas are cheaper to live in. Being unable to afford to move to a better land, the poor are exposed to Arsenic pollution from contaminated water sources (Mahbuba Nasreen, 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that, 37 million people in developing countries suffer chronic poisoning due to exposure to toxic pesticides from working in fields that use chemical fertilizers and pesticides extensively (Jahan, 2008). The poor also have to make do with cheaper source of fuel for cooking and heating. Burning fuel wood and dung causes respiratory infections affecting women and children, causing child mortality. Vicious cycle of poverty and environment degradation Source: Poverty and environment, 2000, Figure 9.2 Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Environment Degradation in Developing Countries, pp. 201. As seen in the context of Bangladesh, farmers hard-pressed by population growth and increasing poverty overexploit natural resources and extend cropping onto fragile marginal lands which results in a loss of sustainability and environmental degradation. Decline in agricultural productivity on degraded lands then triggers poverty which in turn forced many farmers to continue degrading their land further to extract subsistence output (Duraiappah, 1996). Overtime, this phenomenon creates the vicious circle between poverty and environmental degradation as seen in the diagram above. Urbanisation further aggregate environmental degradation and worsen life of the rural poor. Government may allocate more funds to support the growing industry of engineering, electronics and information technology which would generate more income for the economy (United Nations ESCAP, 2010). Conversely, the agriculture sector would receive less funds and manpower is reduced with young men moving to work in urban areas. This leaves behind the elderly and women to manage the marginal agricultural lands. Urbanisation causes air pollution from vehicular and industrial emissions, loss of biodiversity from human interference to natural habitats and deforestation which contributes to global warming. The poor at the receiving end become victims to these problems. In many developing countries, governments generally do not address the sustainability issues if there is little public pressure and they find no political rewards in enhancing environmental quality. Nevertheless for developing countries to achieve environmental sustainability, support from the government is definitely essential. As highlighted, the poor are the biggest victims of environmental degradation; conversely poverty can exacerbate ecological problems. To ensure long term environmental sustainability, possible measures needs to target poverty alleviation and environmental management. Possible measures to achieve sustainable development Source: National sustainable development strategy, 2008, Figure 3.1 schematic representation of the vision, strategic priority areas and cross-cutting areas, pp. 6. In 2008, Bangladeshs government came out with a national sustainable development strategy (NSDS) to guide the country towards alleviating poverty and environmental problems. As shown in the table above, the strategy aims to achieve sustainable development by ensuring sustainable economic growth, agricultural and rural development, social security and environment management (DOE, 2008). Having sustainable economic growth means to accelerate growth while ensuring environmental sustainability. Bangladesh strives to ensure economic growth with higher private investment, increased inflow of FDIs and effective trade policies (DOE, 2008). It includes the agricultural sectors in the economic progress by providing them with electricity, roads, and telecommunications to improve connectivity with urban areas. One possible direction for sustainable economic growth is to promote investment in renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and hydroelectricity. Bangladesh has abundant sunlight year round, wind and high energy waves; this can generate profits and reduce air pollution from fuel burning (M. S. Islam, 2011). Agricultural and rural development measures ensure food security for the growing population without causing environment degradation. Crop productivity can be increase with agriculture diversification and improved technologies. To reduce reliance on irrigation and lower risk of salinization, storage of surface water is enhanced and rainwater harnessed. To prevent deletion of marine fisheries resource, fishing is regulated avoid over exploitation. To enhance forest biodiversity, forest protected area could be extended and rural folks could be educated with knowledge on sustainable resource use (DOE, 2008). Social security is achieved with sanitation, shelter and empowerment through education. It involves provision of housing facilities, clean drinking water, electricity, medical services and ensuring food security for all (DOE, 2008). Additionally, primary and secondary education is made available and compulsory for all, enabling empowerment of the poor. Environment management protects the environment and its resources. To manage water shortage and contamination, water conservation is encouraged and pollution sources are identified and managed. Loss of biodiversity is addressed by monitoring unsustainable consumption of biological resources. Also, scientific and traditional knowledge are to be integrated to effectively conserve the ecosystem. Most importantly, environmental sustainability considerations need to be integrated in policies concerning forest, water, land, agriculture, industry and energy (DOE, 2008). Conclusion As discussed, poverty and environmental degradation has close interlinks and reinforce each other. Poverty is a key contributing factor to various environmental problems of deforestation, land degradation, air and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Consequently, environmental degradation has the greatest impact on the poor, causing them to be ever more vulnerable and having to further degrade the environment to meet their basic needs and ensure survival. To achieve sustainable development in developing countries like Bangladesh, possible measures would have to target both poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. Likewise these measures would work best if backed by strong government support and properly planed and organized. Bangladeshs elaborated NSDS shows a strong commitment to solve environmental issues and ensure a better standard of living for current and future generation. Nevertheless, it is still too early to determine the effectiveness of the strategies; time will tell if Bangladesh is able to break free from the vicious cycle of poverty and environmental degradation.

Elizabethan Society Exposed in King Lear Essay -- King Lear Essays

Blood gushing from stabbed eyes. Sipping poison slipped by one’s very own sister. Fathers turning against their sons. Such are the horrid outcomes of the characters in King Lear. Shakespeare has written one of the greatest tragedies of all time with this play and from the very start, has provided no cushion of happiness for his viewers. They are immediately thrust into a world of turmoil-Lear’s favorite daughter is banished by him, Gloucester is deceived by his younger son, Lear is sent into a storm by his ungrateful heirs†¦and the list goes on. Yet, what is it that causes these wretched consequences? Is it because there are many diabolical personalities in the play? Many mistakes made by fathers in disbelieving their trustworthy children? No. The answer is that society is ultimately responsible for the end results of the play. The world of King Lear demonstrates for the audience, by illustrating with its various characters and their doings that a s ociety built around a social hierarchy and material wealth will always be a place of unhappiness, filled with people committing wicked actions. Shakespeare scribbled King Lear away between the years 1603 and 1606. This was a tumultuous time because Queen Elizabeth I had died but had left no heir and no husband to seize her monarchy. Therefore, the citizens were worried and the competition for her regency was strong. In writing the play, Shakespeare broached this uneasy topic by creating the character King Lear, who is unsure of whom to pass down his power too. Thus, Shakespeare builds a setting with many of the current concerns and problems of his Elizabethan world (yet they are approached in a disguised manner). This time period in England was one where... ...me blind while if the sisters had never stolen their father’s trust, he would never have gone crazy, Goneril would never have poisoned Regan and committed suicide and Cordelia would not have died. Thus, the tragic parts in the tragedy would not exist just as a world without the unhappiness would be happy. Works Cited â€Å"King Lear: Background on Shakespeare.† PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. . Signet Classic Edition Teacher’s Guide. Hern, Leigh Ann; Ellis, W. Gieger; Reed, Aretha J. S. (co-eds.), Penguin. Web Shakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2009. Print. â€Å"The Stucture of Elizabethan Society.† Walter Nelson. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. .

Importance Of Financial Planning Essay

Money may not be the most important thing in life. Nevertheless, it is still important. Every single revolves around money, from the time we open our eyes till the time we go to bed (and even while we are asleep). If only money grows on trees, then financial planning would not be such a headache, would it? Financial planning is a systematic way of organizing our financial affairs in the most effective and efficient manner in order to achieve our life goals. And success is defined as the attainment of one’s goals. In short, it is truly a key of success. Sense Of Direction In Life Through proper financial planning, we can look at what is more important and meaningful to us. Then we can organize effectively our finances and our lives around those things so that we do not end up on the wrong wall. Understanding Sacrifices -Though our wants are infinite, unfortunately, our resources are finite. Financial planning would help us realize and understand that in life, there is always sacrifice to be made. If we really want to achieve our important goals, we need to exercise Delayed Gratification and able to distinguish between needs and wants. Coping Easier With Changes In Life -The only constant in life is Change and learning to cope with changes early in life would be a plus point. We are better prepared to face these challenges in life if we have done proper financial planning. Creating Wealth -Wealth creation is not a sprint but a marathon for it takes time, discipline and a lot of financial stamina. With the help of a qualified investment advisor, we can select the most appropriate investments that suit our risk appetite to achieve our desired goals. Enriching Our Lives -Financial Planning does not merely enrich us financially but also physically, emotionally and mentally. Without the financial stress. We will able to focus on other important aspects of out lives like our health, our relationship with family and friends and devoting our time to other charitable causes. Security – Through proper risk management and insurance planning. We will be able to provide our loved ones and ourselves with total peace of mind while we go about living out lives and building our wealth. Success -That’s exactly what financial planning aims to achieve- helping us realize our life goals. Our goals should not be just having a lot of money in our bank accounts but rather what can money do for us. http://www.akpk.org.my/Articles/YOUNGADULTS/THEIMPORTANCEOFFINANCIALPLANNINGAKEYTOSU/tabid/168/Default.aspx

Free Essays on Twiggy

â€Å"At 17, Leslie Hornby took hold of the world. At 21, she let it go. She was the original waif, a 60’s phenomenon- a superstar. She was Twiggy, (Cheever Page 74). Leslie Hornby was the revolutionary woman who changed the idea of beauty in the eyes of the fashion industry and the entire world. She exemplified the androgynous mod look that swept America as it had Britain and much of Europe in the 1960’s. Standing at 5 feet 6  ½ inches and weighing in at 90 pounds, the nickname â€Å"Twiggy† was derived. Twiggy’s popularity not only influenced many people to try and imitate her look, but also drastically influenced the rise in power of models in the fashion industry. She was a role model and revolutionary for today’s top models, but her popularity also brought along with it the irrational image of the ideal woman. Twiggy was a major trendsetter in America during the sixties, even though she hailed from England. While working as a shampoo girl in a salon, she was discovered by Nigel Davies, who saw her potential and immediately took her to a trendy salon in London to get a haircut. The owner put her picture in his shop window, and a short time later that picture was featured in the London Daily Express with a caption that read, â€Å"This is the face of 1966† (â€Å"Twiggy: Click! Click!†). After discovering the fifteen year-old with the 31-22-32 figure, Davies- who preferred to be called Justin De Villeneuve- became Twiggy’s agent and boyfriend at age 25. He took her to Paris and a short while after her popularity grew, she was put on the cover of Elle magazine, as well as Paris Match, and the British edition of Vogue. During Twiggy’s peak success in Europe, De Villeneuve set up Twiggy Enterprises, Ltd., where he gathered a line of clothes, false eyelashes, cosmetics, dolls, and posters all endorsed by Twiggy (â€Å"The Twig†). The enterprising aspect of being a top model began with Twiggy and her influence i... Free Essays on Twiggy Free Essays on Twiggy â€Å"At 17, Leslie Hornby took hold of the world. At 21, she let it go. She was the original waif, a 60’s phenomenon- a superstar. She was Twiggy, (Cheever Page 74). Leslie Hornby was the revolutionary woman who changed the idea of beauty in the eyes of the fashion industry and the entire world. She exemplified the androgynous mod look that swept America as it had Britain and much of Europe in the 1960’s. Standing at 5 feet 6  ½ inches and weighing in at 90 pounds, the nickname â€Å"Twiggy† was derived. Twiggy’s popularity not only influenced many people to try and imitate her look, but also drastically influenced the rise in power of models in the fashion industry. She was a role model and revolutionary for today’s top models, but her popularity also brought along with it the irrational image of the ideal woman. Twiggy was a major trendsetter in America during the sixties, even though she hailed from England. While working as a shampoo girl in a salon, she was discovered by Nigel Davies, who saw her potential and immediately took her to a trendy salon in London to get a haircut. The owner put her picture in his shop window, and a short time later that picture was featured in the London Daily Express with a caption that read, â€Å"This is the face of 1966† (â€Å"Twiggy: Click! Click!†). After discovering the fifteen year-old with the 31-22-32 figure, Davies- who preferred to be called Justin De Villeneuve- became Twiggy’s agent and boyfriend at age 25. He took her to Paris and a short while after her popularity grew, she was put on the cover of Elle magazine, as well as Paris Match, and the British edition of Vogue. During Twiggy’s peak success in Europe, De Villeneuve set up Twiggy Enterprises, Ltd., where he gathered a line of clothes, false eyelashes, cosmetics, dolls, and posters all endorsed by Twiggy (â€Å"The Twig†). The enterprising aspect of being a top model began with Twiggy and her influence i...

Ask a Literary Publicist Submit Your Questions

Ask a Literary Publicist Submit Your Questions Ask an Award-Winning Literary Publicist: Submit Your Questions Book publicity is one of the toughest skills to master as a self-publishing author. With the sheer number of titles being released every year - and with the decline of book features and reviews in traditional media - it's becoming harder for independent authors to 'place' their stories. With this in mind, we wanted to shed some light on the topic and help writers better understand their realistic publicity options.Sandra Goroff is a veteran award-winning literary publicist. In her 30-year (and counting!) career, she has worked in-house at  Houghton Mifflin and represented authors the likes of Clive Cussler, Maurice Sendak, Chris Van Allsburg, Hollywood legend Kirk Douglas, and former president Jimmy Carter. Over the next few weeks, Sandra will be answering your questions on book publicity in a recurring blog segment that we're (predictably) calling "Ask an Award Winning Publicist."How can I submit a question? Questions, thoughts, opinions? Feel free to share them all in the comments below.

Finance and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Finance and Management - Essay Example This involves the value of raw materials, the work in progress and the finished goods ready for sale. It is the work of the cost accountants to place all costs under consideration so that they are able to determine the value of all inventories (Martin & Wolf, 2008). Cost accounting system has a function of bringing maximum efficiency in an organization. Cost efficiency would ensure that direct material costs, labor and manufacturing are identified and cost controls performed well. This is done by calculating all these costs, adding them up and calculating the cost per unit. Cost accounting systems also facilitates the decision-making systems in any form of organization. The decisions made are both long-term strategic and short-term decisions. In decision making estimated costs are compared to the actual costs and this is only applicable in organizations, which undertake budgeting as one of their strategic objectives (Martin & Wolf, 2008). Product costs are major components of any pro duct manufacturing system. Product costs are traced all the way from the costs of manufacturing up to the point when production is complete. When the company uses the throughput method costs are traced from the least cost methods all the way to the product cost, on the contrary the activity-based method would trace the cost of the product from the highest amount to the least product cost. There are four major costing methods:- Throughput method, direct costing method, full absorption costing method and the activity based costing method (Martin & Wolf, 2008). Throughput method was developed to complement the constraint theory, the method only charges direct material costs to the product cost with the other remaining costs being expensed in the process. The method is simple since it involves the subtraction of direct costs from the sales and there we have our product costs. This method is not recognized for external reporting since it does not provide proper matching as defined by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), this is despite the fact that it provides rich data for internal reporting (Martin & Wolf, 2008). The other method is the Direct or variable method. Here capitalization if done on only variable manufacturing costs with the other costs being expensed in the period when they are incurred. This method is not also recommended for external reporting since like the throughput method it does not follow the matching principle as per the GAAP. Full absorption method also referred to as the full costing method applies all the manufacturing costs to the product hence the costs do not become expenses until all the goods are sold and therefore the method adheres to the GAAP principles in a bigger way. This method is therefore useful for external reporting by most companies. It is frequently used for internal reporting as well (Martin & Wolf, 2008). Activity based costing is the most modern approach and it is used mainly in product costing. This p roduct cost method was devised to help in the determination of accurate product costs a challenge that is rampant in the operations of most companies. This method quantifies the costs by firstly tracing the costs to their respective activities and thereafter in the second phase, the costs are traced to the products that use the activities. This method is based on the fundamental claims that activities in normal occurrences consume resources and the

Manufacturing process for rear spoiler for formula 1 Coursework

Manufacturing process for rear spoiler for formula 1 - Coursework Example Since the rear wing assembly is made from carbon fibre, it has very low weight coupled with high strength and rigidity. In terms of rigidity, it is comparable to steel, although it is roughly 5 times lighter. The drawback is the high material costs and the multifaceted process of manufacturing. It is of note that 1m2 – one square metre – of pre-impregnated carbon fibre sheet cost ranges from â‚ ¬50 to â‚ ¬200. A typical F1 rear wing is build with around 210m2 of pre-impregnated sheet of carbon fibre costing in the region of â‚ ¬42,000 to make the carbon fibre components alone. The rear wing is manufactured to weigh only 10 kgs (Moore 2012). The manufacturing process of an F1 rear wing is a complex process. The process initially begins with manufacturing the carbon-fibre pieces to be used in making the rear wing. At first, the rear wing is designed on the computer using Computer Aided Design (CAD). The data is then processed and acts as a foundation for Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). With the use of a 5-axis milling machine, the form is then cut into a tooling block which will essentially serve as a positive mould (Sauber Motorsport 2014). The laminators place the pre-shaped pieces of carbon fibre on to this tooling block. When this process is finished, the whole item is bundled into a polythene bag. It will then be vacuum-sealed and put in an autoclave wherein it gets cured for between 10 hours to 20 hours at a temperature of roughly 50Â °C. After a few last touches, the resultant negative mould is then ready to be utilized in manufacturing the actual carbon fibre component – the rear wing (Anderson 2013). ). In manufacturing the rear wing, 2 sets of aerofoils which essentially make up the F1 rear wings are made separately. The lower aerofoil comprises one element; it is smaller than the upper aerofoil and provides some downforce. The upper aerofoil comprises 1 element and provides the most downforce and it varies from one